With TortoiseSVN and the command line Client: No.
With a web browser: Yes
A lot of people would agree that the TSVN repository browser would be a much more useful tool if you could just point it at your versioning server and it would show you whatever available repositories it had.
Same story, albeit to a lesser degree, with the command-line 'svn' client. Doing a 'svn ls' or equivalent and being able to see what repositories and projects are hosted on a specific versioning system would be very useful.
Unfortunately, this is a limitation in the Subversion libraries that both the command-line client and TortoiseSVN uses. It does not have the capability to arbitrarily enumerate repositories on a server.
Some might even argue that the lack of this feature is incitament for end users to just jumble everything into one big repository, when it would be more appropriate to split things up.
In any case, you should take this request to the main Subversion mailing list, as it does not fall under TSVN.
Send any requests regarding this (and only this!) to dev@subversion.tigris.org. Remember to ask to be CC'd if you expect replies to your request.